Geology

Broken Links: If you find broken links before I can check them, the easiest way to find them is to search for the web site in question on Google. Peggy B. Perazzo

Geology (General)

Geology – Listed by State (Please see the individual state links on the main page).
Geology – Listed by Country (other than the U.S.) – Not available yet.
For books, maps, etc., please see the Sources section.
State Geological Surveys, Association of American State Geologists.
Geologic Maps of U.S. States, U. S. Geological Survey.
U. S. Bureau of Mines – Minerals Yearbook (1932 through 1993), courtesy of the University of Wisconsin Ecology and Natural Resources Collection. (Links to the images of the books for the years 1932 through 1993 are available on this web site.)

The following note is included in Publications of the Geological Survey 1879 -1961, U. S. Department of the Interior, Geological Survey, reprinted 1965:

“Note: On July 1, 1925, by Executive order, the Division of Mineral Resources of the Geological Survey was transferred to the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Mines. On April 24, 1934, the Bureau was transferred to the Department of the Interior. The series (entitled Mineral Resources during the years 1924-31 and Minerals Yearbook thereafter) is published by the Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines….”

Geologic Tours and Studies of Structures (buildings, walls, etc.)

Below is a list of online links, books, etc., that relate to information on the stones used in constructing these structures.

The City Rocks: Explore the Hidden World of Building Stone, presented by Emily Burns. (This link is no longer available, although you will find it on the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.)
A Web Gallery of Stone Buildings and Their Building Stone, presented by Bruce Railsback, Professor, Department of Geology, University of Georgia. (This link is no longer available, although you will find it on the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.)

Burton Bradstock, Dorset, England, UK – The Geology and Building Stones of Burton Bradstock, Dorset, England, UK, by Jo Thomas.
The California GeoTour: An Index to Online Geologic Field Trip Guides of California, presented by the California Geological Survey.
California – Penryn Quarry, Penryn, California – Geological Side Trips from Interstate 80: Griffith Quarry in Penryn, by Andrew Alden.
Cambridge, England, UK – Building Stones of Cambridge: A walking tour around the historic city centre, by Dr. Nigel Woodcock.
Canada – Calgary, Canada – Historical Downtown Calgary Walking Tour, This tour was presented by the Calgary Public Library. (This link is available on the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.)
Canada – Hamilton, Canada – “Heart of the City, A Virtual Tour of Downtown Hamilton,” presented by the Hamilton Public Library. (Photographs of Hamilton buildings might be available in Hamilton Public Library’s Local History & Archives Department PreVIEW database, which contains over 11,000 images.)
Canada – Toronto, Canada – Learning Geology from Buildings in Downtown Toronto, Canada, by Kathleen Kemp, Tucker Barrie, Marcia Charles, Janet Parkin, Denise Payne and Michael Perkins. (The link on which this tour was located is no longer available.)
<http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/earth/waton/toronto.html>
Canada – Victoria, British Columbia, Canada – Dimension Stone in Victoria, British Columbia, a city guide and walking tour, by Z. D. Hora and L. B. Miller.
Canada – A Walking Guide: Ottawa’s Building and Monument Stones, by Quentin Gall, GAC Misc. Pub. 7, 2011. (Book)
Colorado – Denver, Colorado – Geology Tour of Denver’s Buildings and Monuments, by Jack A. Murphy, publisher: Denver, Colorado, Historic Denver in cooperation with Denver Museum of Natural History, c1995, ISBN:0914248065 (Book).
Georgia – Tour of Building Stones on the UGA Campus – “A Hammerless Geological Excursion Across North UGA Campus,” By Dr. Paul A. Schroeder, with help from Emeritus Professor Gilles Allard, UGA Geology. (Internet Archive Wayback Machine, 2012)
England – Gloucestershire, England – Huntley Quarry Geology Reserve
England – Isle of Portland, Dorset, Southern England – The Isle of Portland, Dorset – Geology of the Quarries , Ian West, Romsey, Hampshire and Visiting Scientist at: Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Southampton University.
Illinois – Chicago, Illinois – Geology Along Michigan Avenue, presented by Ellin Beltz (photographs).
Iowa – Geologic Sources of Historic Stone Architecture in Iowa, by Brian J. Witzke.
Ireland – Dublin, Ireland –The Building Stones of Dublin: A Walking Guide, by Patrick Wyse Jackson, photography by Declan Burke, publisher: Dublin, Ireland, Town House and Country House, 1993, ISBN:0946172323 (Book).
London, England – The Gloucester Wall Game: London, by Eric Robinson, no date, London Geologists’ Association.
Maryland – Baltimore, Maryland – A Geologic Walking Tour of Building Stones of Downtown Baltimore, Maryland, by Sherry McCann-Murray, presented by the Maryland Geological Survey. This site includes contributions and photography by the Environmental Geology and Mineral Resources Program of the Maryland Geological Survey. (Adapted for the Internet from Educational Series No. 10.)
Massachusetts – Boston, Massachusetts – “Boston Rocks: A History of the Earth in 13 Landmarks,” article by David B. Williams, Graphics by Javier Zarracina. This article was published on the May 3, 2009, in the Boston Globe. David Williams, Stories in Stone and his Stories in Stone Blog. (The following buildings are discussed in the above article (which includes photos of the buildings and the stones): 100 Cambridge Street, Government Center; Trinity Church, Copley Square; “New” Old South Church, Copley Square; Morse Auditorium, Boston University; Massachusetts General Hospital; Townhouses, Beacon Hill; Cathedral Church of St. Paul, downtown Massachusetts; Boston Public Library, Copley Square; Memorial Hall & Hauser Hall, Harvard University; King’s Chapel, downtown Massachusetts; Algonquin Club, Back Bay; and the Keystone Building, Financial District.)
New York – Buffalo, New York – Buffalo as an Architectural Museum, by Chuck LaChiusa.
New York – Ithaca, New York – Building Stones on the Cornell Campus
Ohio – Cincinnati, Ohio – Guide to the Building Stones of Downtown Cincinnati; A Walking Tour, by J. T. Hannibal and R. A. Davis, 1992, Ohio Division of Geological Survey Guidebook 7 (Book).
Ohio – Cleveland, Ohio – Guide to the Building Stones of Downtown Cleveland: A Walking Tour, Ohio Division of Geological Survey Guidebook, by J. T. Hannibal and M. T. Schmidt, 1992; reprinted 1997 with additional notes (Book).
Ohio – Columbus, Ohio – Building Stones in the Vicinity of Capitol Square, Columbus, Ohio, A Walking Tour in Celebration of Earth Week October 10, 2000, Tour Leaders: Garry D. McKenzie and Dale M. Gnidovec, Sponsors: the American Institute of Professional Geologists, the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, and the Ohio State University, 3 pp. (Cited on the Hathi Trust Digital Library: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008366267)
Ohio – Columbus, Ohio – Guide to the Building Stones of Downtown Columbus: A Walking Tour, by R. W. Melvin and G. D. McKenzie, 1992, Ohio Division of Geological Survey Guidebook 6, reprinted with additional notes (Book).
Ohio – Dayton, Ohio – Geologic Glimpses from Around the World – The Geology of Monuments in Woodland Cemetery and Arboretum, Dayton, Ohio: A Self-Guided Tour, by M. R. Sandy, 1992, Ohio Division of Geological Survey Guidebook 8 (Book).
Ohio – Northeastern Ohio – Guide to Stones Used for Houses of Worship in Northeastern Ohio, by Joseph T. Hannibal, Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. The Urban Center’s Sacred Landmark Series. Based on Guide to Stones Used for Houses of Worship in Northeastern Ohio, Cleveland Ohio, by Joseph T. Hannibal,Curator of Invertebrate Paleontology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History. Published by the Sacred Landmarks Partnership of Northeast Ohio.
United Kingdom – Burton Bradstock, Dorset, England, UK – The Geology and Building Stones of Burton Bradstock, Dorset, England, UK, by Jo Thomas.
United Kingdom – Building Stones of Cambridge: A walking tour around the historic city centre, by Nigel Woodcock and David Norman.
United Kingdom – “Discovering geology,” British Geological Survey. (Includes: Climate change, Rocks and minerals, Geological processes, Fossils and geological time, Earth hazards, Maps and resources, Climate Change, Earth hazards, Rocks and minerals, & Landforms..
United Kingdom – United Kingdom – “Geological Walk: A walk through geological time at the British Geological Survey Keyworth.” (description) “Three billion years of Earth’s history squeezed into a 130-metre-long stone concourse, every step bringing you about 25 million years closer to the present day.”
Download British Geological Survey at Keyworth Geological Walk leaflet
Utah – Salt Lake City, Utah, USA – Building Stones of Downtown Salt Lake City, presented by the Utah Geological Society, Public Information Series #60.
Washington, D. C., USA – “Building Stones of Our Nation’s Capital,” U. S. Geological Survey.
Washington, D. C., USA – “Building Stones of the National Mall,” by Richard A. Livingston, Carol A. Grissom, and Emily M. Aloiz, The Geological Society of America, Field Guide 40, 2015.
Washington, D. C., USA – Building Stones of Washington Walking Tour, presented by the United States Geological Survey.
Washington, D.C., USA – “The District of Columbia Its Rocks and Their Geologic History,” by Martha S. Carr, Geological Survey Bulletin 967, 1950.
Washington, D.C., USA – “Explore the Geologic History of D.C. Through This Walking Tour. These sites are reminders of American history, but they’re also part of the Earth’s history.” by Anna Kusmer December 7, 2018, Atlas Obscura.
Washington, D.C. – Fossils in the architecture of Washington, DC: A guide to Washington’s accidental museum of paleontology.

“Scope of the website: This website aims to describe, or at least list, all of the public fossils occurring in Washington’s architectural landscape. The Galleries discuss particularly interesting fossils and how they became part of the urban scene.”
Washington, D. C., USA– Descriptions and Origins of Selected Principal Building Stones of Washington, United States Geological Survey (Book).
Washington, D.C., USA – National Mall and Memorials Washington DC – Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park. This article discusses the history and geology of the large stone monuments and memorials in the National Mall in Washington, D.C.

“Welcome to the National Mall, a National Park in Washington, DC where large stone monuments and memorials honor important historical people and events. The National Mall is a good place to visit if you want to learn about American history and be a historian. Because of all the different stones used in the construction of the memorials, it is also a good place to visit if you want to learn about rocks and be a geologist.

“Historians and Geologists actually have many similarities. They both look at past events to better understand the present, and guess what will happen in the future. They both use tools to help them in their research. They both make timelines to keep track of events. The biggest difference is that Historians study the events of humans while Geologists study the events of the earth….”
Washington, D.C., USA – “Self-Guided (Walking) Tour of the Geology in D. C. Buildings,” on Earth & Space Science News.
Washington, D.C. – “Travels in Geology: Touring the Capital Geology of Washington, D.C.,” By Callan Bentley and Ken Rasmussen, December 11, 2018, on Earth, The Science Behind the Headlines.
Washington State – Seattle, Washington – Downtown Rock Hound: A Seattle Geology Tour, by David B. Williams. (David B. Williams’ Stories in Stone Blog)
Washington State – Spokane, Washington – Cornerstones of Spokane: A guidebook to the building stones of downtown Spokane. Text and map are from: McKelvey, G. E.; Bunning, Bonnie B.; Burnet, F. William; Hamilton, Mike; Swanson, Byron, 1981, Northwest, Mining Association.
Wisconsin – Milwaukee, Wisconsin – Virtual Tour of Downtown Milwaukee’s Geology and Architecture: The Buildings and Building Stones of Downtown Milwaukee, presented by Tim Grundl, Associate Professor, Geosciences Department, Nancy Hubbard, Associate Professor, Architecture and Urban Planning, Bill Kean, Professor, Geosciences Department, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.
Other: Rocks of Famous Monuments, presented by Guillermo Rocha, P.G. / Brooklyn College Geology Department.

Geology Institutions

American Geological Institute (AGI)
- GeoTimes – News Magazine of Geosciences
Association of American State Geologists – United States Geological Survey Sites, hosted by the Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys. (Once you reach this site, choose individual U. S. Geological Survey sites by map or by list.)
Directory of Geoscience Organizations of the World, Geological Survey of Japan.
Geoscience Departments WWW Directory – U.S. & Canada.
Geoscience – “List of geoscience organizations,” Wikipedia.
Mineralogical Society of America
NASA (National Aeronautic and Space Association)
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
- Geologic Information
- Mineral Resources Program
- Fact Sheets (listed by state)

Geology & Geography Resources

40 Common Minerals – Tungsten, Silver, Feldspar & More.
- “Ask a Geologist,” at the U.S. Geological Survey (Answers questions “about volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, rocks, maps, ground water, lakes, or rivers.”)
- Assorted Earth Science Web Links, presented by by Russ Jacobson.
- Athena Earth Sciences Resources, University of Geneva
- Atlas of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks, Minerals, & Textures, part of the “Virtual Geology” Project at the University of North Carolina
- The British Stone List (BRE)
  - Introduction to the British Stone List Project
- “Building Stone Treasure Troves,” by Sidney Horenstein (Published online: 9 October 2008
  # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2008)
  
  Following is a portion of the abstract for the article:
  
  “Abstract Cities large and small have a treasure trove of building stones both local as well as imported from various regions of the country as well as foreign sources. Many of them contain fossils which are easily available for teachers to utilize for class field trips….”
- Collector’s Corner, presented by the Mineralogical Society of America.
  
  (From the web site) “There are a wide range of options one can use to begin a mineral collection. These can range from buying specimens (or a mine) to field collecting and trading. This is a brief introduction to rockhounding and mineral collecting.”
- Do We Take Minerals For Granted? U. S. Geological Survey.
- Field Trips
  - And You Thought Your Field Trip Was Bad – “Scenes From the Past – IV;” William L. Hiss (U. S. Geological Survey); New Mexico Geological Society Guidebook; 28th Field Conference, San Juan Basin III, 1977 (Uncopyrighted publication) Lithosphere (June 1993); Fallbrook Gem and Mineral Society, Inc.; Fallbrook, CA.
  - “A Field Trip Transect of the Northern Sierra Via Interstate 80,” (California) by Richard P. Hilton, Department of Geosciences, Sierra College, Journal of the Sierra College Natural History Museum, Spring 2009, vol. 2, no. 1, Rocklin, California. (The original link to this article is not available, although you can read the article on the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.)
  - Geology Field Trips – John C. Butler, The Virtual Geosciences Professor.
  - Geology of National Parks: 3D and Photographic Tours Featuring Park Geology and Natural History, U. S. Geological Survey.
  - Tour of Park Geology, presented by the National Park Service.
- Fractures in Granite – “Mechanics of curved surfaces, with application to surface-parallel cracks,” by Stephen J. Martel, Department of Geology and Geosphysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, L20303, doi:10.1029/2011GL049354, October 20, 2011, 6 pp. (Photos include: “Figure 1. Sheeting joints near the summit of Half Dome, Yosemite National Park. They bound shingle-like slabs that are on the order of 1 m thick. Photograph courtesy of Greg Stock.” “Figure 4. Locations of topographic features, predictions of sheeting joints, and occurrences of sheeting joints near Olmsted Point, Yosemite National Park…(c) Photograph looking east across the southern portion of the study area. Sheeting joints decorate virtually every exposure in this picture….(d) Photograph looking southeast at the slope 0.7 km north of Olmsted Point. Sheeting joints are abundant in the saddle-shaped upper part of the picture but scarce in the bowl-shaped lower portion.” (This document is presented on Stone Quarries and Beyond with the permission of the author.)
- Fundamentals of Physical Geography, by Michael J. Pidwirny, Ph.D., Department of Geography, Okanagan University College, Canada. Following is one of the sections on Geology from this site, although there are many other subjects covered.
- Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), by the United States Geological Survey.
- “Geological Museum” (in London, England) of Wikipedia: “The Geological Museum (originally The Museum of Practical Geology, started in 1835)…is one of the oldest single science museums in the world and now part of the Natural History Museum in London….”
- Geography Dictionary and Glossary, presented by ITS Tutorial School. (The material covers Physical Geography, Human Geography, and related subjects.)
- Geologic Appraisal of Dimension-Stone Deposits, by L. W. Currier, U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1109, 1960.
- Geographic Names – the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS), U. S. Geological Survey., U. S. Geological Survey.
- Geologic Names Lexicon – National Geologic Map Database – “GEOLEX,” presented by the United States Geological Survey. (GEOLEX is a search tool for lithologic and geochronologic unit names.)
- Geologic Resources – the National Park Service
- Geological Sites of Interest, presented by the Rogers Group in their “Rockology 101: Fun Facts” section.
- Geologic Time, by William L. Newman, U.S. Geological Survey.
- Geology – U. S. Geological Survey
- Geology, presented on Wikipedia.
- Geology – About Geology, presented by Andrew Alden.
- Geology and The Quarry Industry With Special Focus on The Selection of A Site For a New Quarry, by Winston Taddius Rajpaulsingh, Consulting Geologist, presented by the Geological Society of Trinidad and Tobago.
- Geology.com – Earth Sciences on the Web (Scroll down to “Geology Basics” – includes a dictionary.)
- Geology of Donegal, Ireland, YouTube videos narrated by geologist, Charlie Gallagher, posted by Silver Anvile Forge:
  
  * “Donegal Up Close Pt. 1,” June 7, 2016 – “Geology of the Glenveagh mountains, Co. Donegal, Ireland.
  
  * “Donegal Up Close Pt. 2” – Quartz Mountains and Rocks, narrated by geologist, Charlie Gallagher, posted by Silver Anvil Forge, June 26, 2016.
  
  * “Donegal Up Close Pt. 3” – Drumkeelan Quarry in Donegal, Ireland – Mountcharles Sandstone – Narrated by geologist, Charlie Gallagher, posted by Silver Anvil Forge, July 9, 2016.
  
  * “Donegal Up Close Pt. 4” – The volcanic rock on Portsalon beach, Co. Donegal, Ireland, Posted by Silver Anvil Forge, July 16, 2016.
  
  * “Donegal Up Close Pt. 5” – Donegal’s Ice Ages, narrated by geologist, Charlie Gallagher, posted by Silver Anvil Forge, July 23, 2016.
- “Geology and landscape” section of “South West England,” Wikipedia.
- Geology – the Saunders College Publishing Geology Web Site
- “A Geology Field Trip in Sheffield” (UK), 15 May 2020, on The Language of Stone Blog, by Scott Engering.
- “Geology of Building Stones” by John Allen Howe, 1901.
- “Geology of Cornwall” (England), section of Wikipedia.
- “A Geology Field Trip to Chrome Hill” (Derbyshire, England), 9 February 2020, on The Language of Stone Blog, by Scott Engering.
- “Geology Word of the Week: Q is for Quarry,” September 26, 2011, posted by Evelyn Mervine on Georneys.
- “History of Geoscience: Women in the History of Geoscience,” on enotes.com (Women in this article include: * Etheldred Bennett, “a scientific researcher in paleontology and an accomplished artist,” from the south of England . * Mary Anning from the United Kingdom was the “most famous early female geologist.” * Florence Bascom , a female geologist from Williamstown , Massachusetts , “founded the department of geology at Bryn Mawr College . Bascom was the first woman geologist employed by the U. S. Geological Survey in 1896. * Eileen Gupp was “the first successful woman to be employed by the British Survey in the petrology department in 1927.” * Alice Wilson, born in 1881 in Cobourg, Ontario , Canada “became the first woman to reach a prominent position within the Geological Survey of Canada. * Mary Emilee Holmes was the “first fellow of the Geological Society of America” in 1889.
- “Lessons in Stone – Harvard’s Building Blocks Teach Natural and Cultural History” – in Harvard Magazine (Text by David B. Williams; photographs by Jim Harrison). (The link is no longer available, although you can read the article on the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.)
- A Location Guide for Rockhounds, Collected by Robert C. Beste, PG, St. Louis, Missouri: Hobbitt Press, 2nd ed., December 1996, 148 pp. (Includes chapters on “Mineral Locations by State,” “Appendix and Glossary,” and “Bibliography.”)
- “Mechanics of curved surfaces, with application to surface-parallel cracks,” by Stephen J. Martel, Department of Geology and Geosphysics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 38, L20303, doi:10.1029/2011GL049354, October 20, 2011, 6 pp. (Photos include: “Figure 1. Sheeting joints near the summit of Half Dome, Yosemite National Park. They bound shingle-like slabs that are on the order of 1 m thick. Photograph courtesy of Greg Stock.” “Figure 4. Locations of topographic features, predictions of sheeting joints, and occurrences of sheeting joints near Olmsted Point, Yosemite National Park…(c) Photograph looking east across the southern portion of the study area. Sheeting joints decorate virtually every exposure in this picture….(d) Photograph looking southeast at the slope 0.7 km north of Olmsted Point. Sheeting joints are abundant in the saddle-shaped upper part of the picture but scarce in the bowl-shaped lower portion.” (fractured granite) (This document is presented on Stone Quarries and Beyond with the permission of the author.)
- Mineralogy & Petrology Research on the Web, presented by Andrea Koziol, Associate Professor, Department of Geology, University of Dayton, Ohio
- Mineral Resources Program, U. S. Geological Survey (A few of the sections in the “Mineral Resources Program” section available are listed below.)
  - Information Handouts
  - Mineral Commodities Summaries
  - Mineral Industry Surveys
  - Mineral Yearbook
  - Minerals Information – Publications and Data Products – Minerals Information products focus on the worldwide supply of, demand for, and flow of minerals and materials.
  - Nonmetallic Mineral Products Industry (Monthly) Indexes
- “Mineralogy collections” in the Natural History Museum in London, England.
- Modern Life Emerges From The Rock (and industry terms), presented by the Rogers Group, Inc.
- National Geologic Map Database, presented by the United States Geologic Survey.
- “Rock collection” in the Natural History Museum in London, England.
- Rockhounds Information Page
- The Role of Women in the History of Geology, Special Publication No. 1281, (book) by Cynthia V. Burek (Author, Editor), Bettie Higgs (Editor) A conference held at the London Geological Society, Burlington House, London, on 28 November 2005), Geological Society of London; 1st edition (September 15, 2007), 352 pages, ISBN-10: 1862392277, ISBN-13: 978-1862392274. (Description: “Where were the women in Geology? This book is a first as it unravels the diverse roles women have played in the history and development of geology as a science predominantly in the UK, Ireland and Australia, and selectively in Germany, Russia and US. The volume covers the period from the late eighteenth century to the present day and shows how the roles that women have played changed with time. These included illustrators, museum collectors and curators, educationalists, researchers and geologists. Originally as wives, sisters or mothers many wereassistants to their male relatives. This book looks at all these forgotten women and for the first time historians and scientists together explore the contribution they made to this male-dominated subject. There are individual profiles on remarkable women: Catherine Raisin, Dorothea Bate, Cuviers daughters, Grace Prestwich, Annie Greenly, Nancy Kirk, Margaret Crosfield, Ethel Skeat, Maria Ogivlie Gordon, Marie Stopes, Anne Phillips, Muriel Arber and Etheldred Bennett.”)
- Sand – “This Is How Sand Looks Magnified Up To 300 Times,” on Geology In, January 2018.
- “Scientific versus Commercial Definition,” the Natural Stone Institute.
- “Sketching in the Field for Geological and for Prospecting Work,” in Mines and Minerals, A Mining and Metallurgical Journal, Vol. XXII, No. 11, June 1902.


“Illustration of Perspective and Vanishing Point” (1902)	“Illustration of Shading” (1902)

Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
- Research and Collections
- Department of Mineral Sciences
  - One of the interesting collections is the: Building Stones Collection
    
    Building Stones Collection: “Rocks utilized for building and ornamentation, composed primarily of material received from the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876 and from the Tenth Census at the close of an investigation into the quarrying industries of the U.S. in 1880. Most specimens are from domestic quarries, with some foreign varieties represented, if imported into the U.S. between 1880 and 1920. A substantial portion of the original collection was transferred to the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in the late 1940s for weathering tests. In 1989, the NBS changed its name to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 714 specimens remain.”
Stone in Archeology

“The ‘Stone in Archaeology – Towards a Digital Resource’ project is based on the large archaeological comparative rock collection housed in the Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton. The main aim of the project has been to create an easily accessible, unique, multidisciplinary, searchable relational database which comprises the principal stones known to be used in antiquity throughout England.

“This database allows the identification of stone samples by searching on the distinctive physical properties of a stone. The results of the search can be backed up by macroscopic and thin-section photomicrographs of each sample and any geologically relevant information. The resource also provides information regarding the use, quarry location/vicinity and distribution of the stone throughout various periods of history. The resource’s ability to be manipulated in many different ways is one of its strengths.”
1. “The Swindling Geologist (1863)” (a man claiming to be the son of Professor James Dale Owen of the Smithsonian Institute), September 29, 2011, article from the archives of David B. Williams, Geology Writer.
  Swindling Geologists in the late 1800s – Both articles are from the archives of David B. Williams, Geology Writer.
2. “Another Swindler, 1883-1891,” October 5, 2011, article from the archives of David B. Williams, Geology Writer.
“Stone Type (Commercial),” National Building Stone Database. (This link is now available on the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.)
“Top 7 Differences Between Sedimentary Rocks and Igneous Rocks,” on Geology In.
“Travels in Geology: Famous fossils and spectacular scenery at British Columbia’s Burgess Shale,” Earth Magazine.
Unforbidden Geology: The not so hidden history of Man from the often overlooked geologic perspective, presented by Archae Solenhofen.
United States Geological Survey – Geology
U. S. Geological Survey Library
USGS Yearbooks (Online) Minerals Yearbook (Starting in 1999 the Yearbooks were replaced with the annual financial reports.)
Virtual Field Trip Guides, University of Texas Libraries.
The Virtual Geoscience Professor, presented by John Butler, University of Houston.
“What Are Igneous, Sedimentary, & Metamorphic Rocks?,” by Rebecca Hylland, Utah Geological Survey.
“A Web Gallery of Stone Buildings and Their Building Stone,” presented by Bruce Railsback, Professor, Department of Geology, University of Georgia. (This link is not available at this date 10/11/20, although you can view it on the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.)
“A World of Ice and Fire: the geology of the Game of Thrones,” article by Kirstin Lemon, on Gioblogy.

“For its size, Northern Ireland has some of the most diverse geology in the world. This incredible geology has led to the development of a vast array of natural landscapes many of which, like the Giant’s Causeway, are famous throughout the world.”

Geology-Related Glossaries, Dictionaries, Terminology, etc.

Dictionary of Geological Terms, 3rd edition, Prepared by the American Geological Institute, Robert L. Bates and Julia A. Jackson, Editors, Anchor Books, New York, paperback ISBN 0-385-18101-9. (Book)
Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms, compiled and edited by the Staff of the U.S. Bureau of Mines.
Glossary of Geologic Terms, Planetary Science Institute.
Glossary of Volcano and Related Terms, presented by the U.S. Geological Survey.

Articles Relating to Geology in The Manufacturer and Builder, et al:

The following articles can be found online at the Library of Congress, American Memories, The Nineteenth Century in Print (1831-1893). These digital images are from Cornell University Library, et al., presented on the Hathi Digital Library web site.

Geology (April 1831) The North American Review, Vol. 32, Issue 71, April 1831, pp. 471-490 (bottom of page). (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (September 1873) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 5, Issue 9, September 1873, pp. 207. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (October 1873) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 5, Issue 10, October 1873, pp. 231. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology Explained in the Simplest Terms (April 1888) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 20, Issue 4, April 1888, pp. 84. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (December 1888) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 20, Issue 12, December 1888, pp. 274-275. (The article includes a sketch of the stone; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (January 1889) (Continued from December 1888) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 1, January 1889, pp. 12-13. (The articles includes the following sketches: A piece of Granite, and Some of the Grains of a Piece of Chalk; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (February 1889) (Continued from January 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 2, February 1889, pp. 34-35. (The article includes the following sketches: Piece of Conglomerate or Pudding Stone, Piece of Shale; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (March 1889) (Continued from February 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 3, March 1889, pp. 59. (The article include the following sketches: 1) Stones detached from cliffs by rains, frosts, etc. and launched into a brook; 2) Stones from the same cliff after having been rolled about in the bed of the brook; 3) A small heap of sand, consisting of the same pieces of stone from the same cliff& article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (April 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 4, April 1889, pp. 82-84. (The article includes the following sketches: 1) Section or cutting through the sediment brought by a rain into a pool on a roadway& and 2) Stratification of Sedimentary Rocks; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (May 1889) (Continued from April 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 5, May 1889, pp. 106-107. (The article includes the following sketches: 1) A Piece of Shale Containing a Portion of a Fossil Fern; 2) Piece of Shale with Animal Remains; 3) Quarry in Sedimentary Rock; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (June 1889) (Continued from May 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 6, June 1889, pp. 132. (The article includes the following sketches: 1) Ripple marks in sandstone; 2) Rainprints in sandstone; 3) Fossils: Coral, part of Encrinite, Spirifer, and a marine shell; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology – Organic Rocks, or Rocks Formed of the Remains of Plants and Animals (July 1889) (Continued from June 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 7, July 1889, pp. 154-155. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (August 1889) (Continued from July 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 8, August 1889, pp. 178-180. (This article contains the following sketches: 1) Ground plan, or a map of peat moss filling up a former lake& 2) Some of the ooze from the Atlantic bed, magnified 25 times; 3) A piece of chalk with shell in it; A piece of limestone showing how the stone is made up of animal remains; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (September 1889) (Continued from August 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 9, September 1889, pp. 203-204. (The article includes the following sketches: 1) View of lava stream issuing from one of the extinct volcanic cones in Auvergue, in central France; 2) Piece of lava showing the crystals and steam holes; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (October 1889) (Continued from September 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 10, October 1889, pp. 227-228. (The article contains the following sketches: 1) Vesuvius, as it appeared at the beginning of the Christian era, when it was a dormant volcano; 2) Piece of volcanic tuff-a rock formed of consolidated volcanic ashes; 3) View of hot springs or geysers, Iceland; 4) Vesuvius as it appears at present time-an active volcano; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (November 1889) (Continued from October 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 11, November 1889, pp. 250-251. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (December 1889) (Continued from November 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 12, December 1889, pp. 275. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (January 1890) (Continued from December 1889 & continued in February 1890 issue) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 22, Issue 1, January 1890, pp. 8. (The article includes the following sketches: 1) Inclined Strata; 2) Vertical Strata; 3) View of Contorted Strata; 4) Section of Igneous Rock forced up into cracks and fissures of the earth’s crust; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (February 1890) (Continued from January 1890 issue & continued in the March 1890 issue) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 22, Issue 2, February 1890, pp. 32-34. (This article includes the following sketches: 1) Section of a series of sedimentary rocks originally deposited horizontally on the sea bottom; 2) Section of a mountain formed of crumpled rocks which have been contorted before the deposition of the flat rocks; 3) View of a tableland cut into ridges and valleys by the flow of its river; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Geology (March 1890) (Continued from February 1890) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 22, Issue 3, March 1890, pp. 56-57. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Lamination in Stone (April 1893) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 25, Issue 4, April 1893, pp. 87. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
“The Rocks” – Their Physical Structure (continued) (May 1885) Quarrying Notes in The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 17, Issue 5, May 1885, pp. 106-107. (Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)
“The Rocks” (June 1885) (Includes the beginning of the article on the Granites) Quarrying Notes – The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 17, Issue 6, June 1885, pp. 130-131. Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)

Granite-Related Articles from the Manufacturer and Builder, et al

Granite Rock (January 1880) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 12, Issue 1, January 1880, pp. 22. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
“The Building Stones” – Granite (Concluded) (July 1885) Quarrying Notes in The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 17, Issue 7, July 1885, pp. 154-155. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Granite (December 1889) (Continued in issue January 1890) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 12, December 1889, pp. 274-275. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Granites and Sandstones (May 1891) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 23, Issue 5, May 1891, pp. 104. May 1891. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Quincy Granite (December 1893) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 25, Issue 12, December 1893, pp. 278. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)

Limestone-Related Articles from the Manufacturer and Builder, et al

Facts About Lime and Limestones (September 1891) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 23, Issue 9, September 1891, pp. 207. (Text of article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Facts About Lime and Limestone (March 1892) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 24, Issue 3, March 1892, pp. 63. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Lamination in Stone (April 1893) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 25, Issue 4, April 1893, pp. 87. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
The Limestones of Wisconsin (January 1886) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 18, Issue 1, January 1886, pp. 10-11. (Text of article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Magnesian Limestone (October 1893) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 25, Issue 10, October 1893, pp. 231. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
The Presence of Magnesia in Limestones (September 1882) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 14, Issue 9, September 1882, pp. 207.(Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)

Marble-Related Articles from the Manufacturer and Builder, et al

(Also see Limestone)

Algerian Marbles (November 1887) (This article includes a sketch: “Salem (Ind.) Quarry Yards, Mills and Kilns, and Cars Loaded with Monoliths for the Georgia State Capitol.”) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 19, Issue 11, November 1887, pp. 253. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
American Marbles (January 1857) “The Living Age….,” The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 52, Issue 660, January 17, 1857, pp. 148-149. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
American Marbles (November 1888) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 20, Issue 11, November 1888, pp. 250-251. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Australian Marble (June 1894) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 26, Issue 6, June 1894, pp. 135. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
California Marble (May 1894) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 26, Issue 5, May 1894, pp. 108-109. (Text of article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
The Geology of the Marble Deposits (December 1884) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 16, Issue 12, December 1884, pp. 274. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Georgia – Extensive Marble Belt in Georgia (October 1894) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 26, Issue 10, October 1894, pp. 230. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Georgia Marble (January 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 1, January 1889, pp. 14-15. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Georgia Marble (December 1891) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 23, Issue 12, December 1891, pp. 278. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Georgia – Extensive Marble Belt in Georgia (October 1894) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 26, Issue 10, October 1894, pp. 230. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Inyo Marble (California) (March 1889) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 21, Issue 3, March 1889, pp. 59-60. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Marble in Oregon (October 1890) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 22, Issue 10, October 1890, pp. 225-226. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
The Marbles of Vermont (September 1888) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 20, Issue 9, September 1888, pp. 203. (The article includes a sketch: “Interior View of Marble Quarry at West Rutland, Vermont”; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
The Marbles of Vermont (December 1890) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 22, Issue 12, December 1890, pp. 272-273. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library..)
Oregon Marble (January 1890) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 22, Issue 1, January 1890, pp. 8-9. (article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Southern Marble (June 1887) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 19, Issue 6, June 1887, pp. 130-131. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Statuary Marble in (Inyo) California (May 1886) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 18, Issue 5, May 1886, pp. 107-108. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Tennessee Marble (June 1886) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 18, Issue 6, June 1886, pp. 130-131. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Texas Marble (July 1887) (This article states that pure white marble was discovered when the Antonio and Arkansas Pass Railway was being built toward Boerne near San Antonio, Texas. Arrangements were being made to open quarries at that location.) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 19, Issue 7, July 1887, pp. 156. (Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress.)
Vermont Marble (May 1891) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 23, Issue 5, May 1891, pp. 105-106. May 1891. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)

Sandstone-Related Articles from the Manufacturer and Builder, et al

“The Building Stones – The Sandstones” (September 1885) Quarrying Notes – The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 17, Issue 9, September 1885, pp. 202-203. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
The Berea and Amherst Sandstone (May 1887) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 19, Issue 5, May 1887, pp. 107. (The article includes a sketch: “The Cleveland Co.’s Quarry No. 4.”; text of article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Berea Sandstone (March 1893) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 25, Issue 3, March 1893, pp. 60. (The article includes a sketch of: “Berea Sandstone Quarry No. 6, North Amherst, Ohio.”; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Granites and Sandstones (May 1891) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 23, Issue 5, May 1891, pp. 104. May 1891. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Ohio Sandstone (December 1892) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 24, Issue 12, December 1892, pp. 279. (The article includes a sketch: “Cleveland Stone Co.’s Quarry No. 3, Columbia, Ohio.”; text of article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
The Portland Sandstone Quarries (February 1888) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 20, Issue 2, February 1888, pp. 35. (The article includes a sketch: “Portland Sandstone Quarries – Splitting Out the Stone With Wedges.”; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Potsdam Red Sandstone (April 1891) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 23, Issue 4, April 1891, pp. 90. (Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress)
The Potsdam Red Sandstone (January 1893) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 25, Issue 1, January 1893, pp. 9-12. (The article includes six sketches: (1) “Bird’s-Eye View of the Potsdam Sandstone Quarries”; (2) “Quarry No. 2.”; (3) “Quarry No. 2 – Under Development.”; (4) “Quarry No. 3 (Dark Red) – Under Development.”; (5) “Quarry No. 4.”; and (6) “Selecting Large Blocks of Stone”; article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Potsdam Sandstone (as a building material) (July 1893) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 25, Issue 7, July 1893, pp. 158. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
The Wisconsin Sandstones (December 1885) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 17, Issue 12, December 1885, pp. 274. (Article in digital images viewed at American Memory, Library of Congress) Quarrying Notes – The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 17, Issue 9, September 1885, pp. 202-203. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)

Slate-Related Articles from the Manufacturer and Builder, et al

The Building-Stone and Slate of Virginia (February 1869) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 1, Issue 2, February 1869, pp. 46-47. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
The Building Stones – Serpentine & Slate (November 1885) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 17, Issue 11, November 1885, pp. 250. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
“Peach-Bottom” Slate (York County, Pennsylvania) (October 1890) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 22, Issue 10, October 1890, pp. 225. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Red Slate (August 1885) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 17, Issue 8, August 1885, pp. 181-182. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Red Slate (November 1893) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 25, Issue 11, November 1893, pp. 253. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Slate (July 1878) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 10, Issue 7, July 1878, pp. 166. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)
Slate in Vermont (July 1892) The Manufacturer and Builder, Vol. 24, Issue 7, July 1892, pp. 158. (Article in digital images viewed at the Hathi Trust Digital Library.)

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